Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a leading technology for wastewater treatment due to their high removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely employed in MBR systems owing to their possessing resistance to fouling, chemical durability, an

Membrane bioreactors (MABR) are emerging technologies rapidly disrupting the landscape of wastewater treatment. Unlike conventional methods, MABR technologies integrate a enzymatic reactor with a membrane purification module, offering enhanced effectiveness. This synergistic approach obtains signifi